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<title>Benjamin Gitlow</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Benjamin Gitlow</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Benjamin Gitlow</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="Keystone_View_Company" title="Keystone View Company">Keystone</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1924</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a></span><br>from the 3rd <a href="Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx">Bronx</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>January 1, 1918 – December 31, 1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Robert_S._Mullen" title="Robert S. Mullen">Robert S. Mullen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-12-22</span>)</span>22 December 1891<br><a href="Elizabethport%2C_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethport, New Jersey">Elizabethport, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1965<span style="display:none">(1965-07-19)</span> (aged 73)<br><a href="Crompond%2C_New_York" title="Crompond, New York">Crompond, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1909–1919, 1934)</span><br><a href="Communist_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States">Communist</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1919–1929)</span><br><a href="Lovestoneites" title="Lovestoneites">Communist (Lovestoneites)</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1929–1933)</span><br><a href="Gitlowites" title="Gitlowites">Communist (Gitlowites)</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1933–1934)</span><br><a href="Fieldites" title="Fieldites">Communist (Fieldites)</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1934)</span><br><a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(after 1934)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br>affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1921–1929)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Badana Zeitlin</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1924)<wbr></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Benjamin Gitlow</b> (December 22, 1891 – July 19, 1965) was a prominent American <a href="Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> <a href="Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> of the early 20th century and a founding member of the <a href="Communist_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States">Communist Party USA</a>. At the end of the 1930s, Gitlow turned to <a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> and wrote two <a href="Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensational</a> exposés of American communism, books which were very influential during the <a href="McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthy</a> period. Gitlow remained a leading <a href="Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> up to the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Confess_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confess-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>Benjamin Gitlow was born on December 22, 1891, in <a href="Elizabethport%2C_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethport, New Jersey">Elizabethport, New Jersey</a>. His parents were <a href="Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> immigrants from the <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>; his father, Lewis Albert Gitlow, moved to the United States in 1888, followed by his mother, Katherine, in 1889. In the United States, his father worked part-time for insufficient hours in various factories, while his mother helped the impoverished family to make ends meet by stitching <a href="Piecework" class="mw-redirect" title="Piecework">piecework</a> at home for garment factories.<sup id="cite_ref-Confess_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confess-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Radicalism seems to have run deeply in the family. Guests to the family home told stories about their personal and political experiences in Tsarist Russia. Gitlow later recalled this experience as formative to his own political development:

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<blockquote><p>I would listen intently to the adventures of the Russian revolutionary leaders, of their experiences with the police, the days and years spent in prisons and their exile to the wastes of Siberia. I would grow indignant hearing how the Tsar mistreated the people. I thrilled at the stories of the underground movement, of the conspiring activities, how deeds of violence against the Tsarist oppressors were planned... The stories of personal experiences when raids were made by the secret police upon revolutionists' homes held me spellbound. I anticipated every incident that would be related. I also listened to discussions, very idealistic in their essence, in which the participants showed how Socialism would transform the world, and to arguments over methods of how Socialism would be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-Confess_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confess-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>In later years, his mother achieved some notice as an important communist women's leader, serving as Secretary of the Women's Committee of the <a href="Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a> in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLeon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLeon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she resigned from the party in 1930 and became a bitter opponent of the Stalin regime until her death in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #AE1719; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#AE1719!important; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States"><span style="color: #FFF;">Socialism<br>in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<dl><dt><a href="Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Bishop_Hill%2C_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li>

<li><a href="Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li>

<li><a href="Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i></li>

<li><a href="New_Harmony%2C_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_socialism_in_Utah" title="Christian socialism in Utah">Christian socialism in Utah</a></li>

<li><a href="1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li>

<li><a href="Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a>

<li><a href="Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li>

<li><a href="McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li>

<li><a href="Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li>

<li><a href="COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li>

<li>"<a href="I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li>

<li><a href="March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="Poor_People's_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_financial_crisis" title="2008 financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Dixon</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorenzo_Kom'boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li>

<li><a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li>

<li><a href="Laura_Jane_Grace" title="Laura Jane Grace">Grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li>

<li><a href="Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li>

<li><a href="Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li>

<li><a href="Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li>

<li><a href="Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li>

<li><a href="Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li>

<li><a href="Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li>

<li><a href="Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li>

<li><a href="Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li>

<li><a href="Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li>

<li><a href="Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Kochinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Kochinski">Kochinski</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Magdoff" title="Harry Magdoff">Magdoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson (Nathan)</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li>

<li><a href="Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Sinclair</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Albert</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li>

<li><a href="Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li>

<li><a href="James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li>

<li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li>

<li><a href="Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li>

<li><a href="John_J._Flemm" title="John J. Flemm">Flemm</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Hahnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li>

<li><a href="Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li>

<li><a href="Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Kelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li>

<li><a href="Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolph_L._Reed_Jr." title="Adolph L. Reed Jr.">Reed (Adolph)</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li>

<li><a href="Cedric_Robinson" title="Cedric Robinson">Robinson (Cedric)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Casar" title="Greg Casar">Casar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Dellums</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li>

<li><a href="Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Meyer_London" title="Meyer London">London</a></li>

<li><a href="Zohran_Mamdani" title="Zohran Mamdani">Mamdani</a></li>

<li><a href="Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Marcantonio</a></li>

<li><a href="David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li>

<li><a href="A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li>

<li><a href="C._E._Ruthenberg" title="C. E. Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li>

<li><a href="Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li>

<li><a href="Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li>

<li><a href="Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<dl><dt>Active</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="American_Communist_Party_(2024)" title="American Communist Party (2024)">American Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now Party</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_Communist_Party%2C_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_Democrats%2C_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_(American_organization)" title="Spark (American organization)">Spark</a></li>

<li><a href="Spartacist_League/U.S." title="Spartacist League/U.S.">Spartacist League</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Defunct</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Workers'_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Workingmen's_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_Party_(United_States%2C_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li>

<li><a href="New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Party_(United_States%2C_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)">Revolutionary Socialist League</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic">

<ul><li><a href="Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li>

<li><a href="Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li>

<li><a href="Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></li>

<li><a href="A_People's_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Settlers%3A_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></li>

<li><a href="ZNetwork" title="ZNetwork">ZNetwork</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchism in the United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">individualist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">Minimum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>Gitlow studied law while working as a <a href="Retail_clerk" title="Retail clerk">retail clerk</a> in a <a href="Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> in <a href="Newark%2C_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLeon_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLeon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped to organize the <a href="Retail_Clerks_International_Union" title="Retail Clerks International Union">Retail Clerks Union</a>, political activity for which he was discharged from his job and <a href="Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklisted</a> by the Merchants' Association.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLeon_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLeon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1914, Gitlow testified before the US Commission on Industrial Relations on conditions prevalent in US department stores. His testimony included descriptions of mandatory overtime, spying on workers, and <a href="Quid_pro_quo_sexual_harassment" class="mw-redirect" title="Quid pro quo sexual harassment">quid pro quo sexual harassment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Following his blacklisting from the retail sales industry, Gitlow worked briefly as a cutter in the garment industry before entering the world of radical journalism in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLeon_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLeon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_radical_politics">Entry into radical politics</h3></div>

<p>As soon as he turned 18 and became eligible for membership, Ben Gitlow joined the <a href="Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. Gitlow was a committed and active member of the party and he was elected a delegate to the New York state convention of the SPA in 1910, the year after his joining.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLeon_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLeon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fall of 1917, Gitlow was elected on the Socialist ticket to the <a href="New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> (Bronx Co., 3rd D.), and sat in the <a href="141st_New_York_State_Legislature" title="141st New York State Legislature">141st New York State Legislature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of 10 Socialists elected to the Assembly of 1918, all of them from New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Despite (or perhaps because of) his year as a Socialist parliamentarian, Ben Gitlow professed a belief in <a href="Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a>. From its earliest days in 1919, Gitlow was an adherent of the proto-Communist <a href="Left_Wing_Section_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party">Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party</a>, working closely with renowned radical <a href="Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> and <a href="War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondent</a> <a href="John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a>. In April 1919, the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party of Local Greater New York established an official weekly newspaper called <i>The New York Communist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed was named the editor of the new publication, with <a href="Maximilian_Cohen" title="Maximilian Cohen">Maximilian Cohen</a> handling the day-to-day operations of the publication as its business manager. Effective with the June 14, 1919, issue, Max Cohen exited the scene and Ben Gitlow assumed the post of business manager.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Following the <a href="Left_Wing_National_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Wing National Conference">Left Wing National Conference</a> in June 1919, Reed's <i>New York Communist</i> was merged with the older and better established newspaper of the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party, Local Boston, <i>The Revolutionary Age</i>, edited by <a href="Louis_C._Fraina" title="Louis C. Fraina">Louis C. Fraina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This publication was moved to New York and thereafter recognized as the "National Organ of the Left Wing Section, Socialist Party," with the former New Yorker Fraina continuing as editor and Ben Gitlow taking over as business manager.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>John Reed was named the editor of the a new monthly labor magazine of the Left Wing Section, called <i>Voice of Labor</i>. Ben Gitlow also served as business manager of this publication, which was adopted by the Communist Labor Party in the fall, shortly before its termination due to lack of finances.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_trial">Arrest and trial</h3></div>

<p>For his publicized connection on the staff of <i>The Revolutionary Age</i> Benjamin Gitlow was targeted for arrest during the coordinated raid of the communist movement conducted by New York state authorities and the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> during the night of November 7/8, 1919. Gitlow was charged with violation of the New York <a href="Criminal_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Anarchy">Criminal Anarchy</a> Law of 1902, which made it a crime to encourage the violent overthrow of government. It was contended that the publication of the <a href="Left_Wing_Manifesto" title="Left Wing Manifesto">Left Wing Manifesto</a> by <i>The Revolutionary Age</i> earlier that year constituted such illegal action.

</p><p>Ben Gitlow's widely publicized trial began in <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on January 22, 1920, and went to the jury on February 5. Gitlow addressed the jury in his own defense in the case, saying:

</p>

<blockquote><p>I am charged in this case with publishing and distributing a paper known as <i>The Revolutionary Age</i>, in which paper was printed a document known as the Left Wing Manifesto and Program. It is held that that document advocates the overthrow of government by force, violence, and unlawful means. The document itself, the Left Wing Manifesto, is a broad analysis of conditions, economic conditions, and historical events in the world today. It is a document based upon the principles of socialism from their earliest inception. The only thing that the document does is to broaden those principles in the light of modern events.... The socialists have always maintained that the change from capitalism to socialism would be a fundamental change, that is, we would have a complete reorganization of society, that this change would not be a question of reform; that the capitalist system of society would be completely changed and that that system would give way to a new system of society based on a new code of laws, based on a new code of ethics, and based on a new form of government. For that reason, the socialist philosophy has always been a revolutionary philosophy and people who adhered to the socialist program and philosophy were always considered revolutionists, and I as one who maintain that, in the eyes of the present day society, I am a revolutionist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>The attempt of the Gitlow defense to declare the publication of the Left Wing Manifesto an expression of historical analysis rather than an act of practical advocacy was unsuccessful, however. Gitlow was convicted of the charge against him and on February 11, 1920, was sentenced to 5 to 10 years in prison. He served over two years at <a href="Sing_Sing" title="Sing Sing">Sing Sing</a> prison before being released on bail related to his filing of a <a href="Writ_of_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of error">writ of error</a>. Gitlow's appeal motion was ultimately granted on December 13, 1922, followed by further hearings by the state.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activity_after_prison">Political activity after prison</h3></div>

<p>Following his release from prison on bail in the spring of 1922, Ben Gitlow was made a full-time employee of the Communist Party of America. The governing Central Executive Committee named him as Industrial Organizer (party organizer in the unions) for a large area which stretched from New York City to Philadelphia and which encompassed the entire New England region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>He was elected as a delegate to the Communist Party's ill-fated <a href="1922_Bridgman_Convention" title="1922 Bridgman Convention">August 1922 convention</a> held at <a href="Bridgman%2C_Michigan" title="Bridgman, Michigan">Bridgman, Michigan</a>, a gathering which was infiltrated by a Justice Department spy and raided by police. Gitlow was arrested and jailed in the aftermath, eventually released on bail. Ultimately, only 2 of the delegates to this convention were tried, trade union leader <a href="William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (freed when the jury failed to agree) and Workers Party Executive Secretary <a href="C._E._Ruthenberg" title="C. E. Ruthenberg">C. E. Ruthenberg</a>, who was convicted but who died before appeals were finalized and the sentence imposed.

</p><p>From May 1923 until early in 1924, Gitlow — a devoted partisan of the party faction headed by C. E. Ruthenberg and an opponent of the faction headed by William Z. Foster — was named the editor of the Workers' Party's <a href="Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish language</a> daily, the <i><a href="Morgen_Freiheit" title="Morgen Freiheit">Morgen Freiheit</a></i>, this despite the American-born and educated Gitlow's faltering familiarity with the language. The appointment was political in nature and Gitlow was removed from the paper as soon as the Foster faction achieved majority control of the party apparatus.

</p><p>In 1924, Gitlow was named the candidate of the <a href="Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a> for Vice President of the United States.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_prison">Return to prison</h3></div>

<p>Three years after his release on bail, on June 8, 1925, the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> upheld his conviction in the case of <i><a href="Gitlow_v._New_York" title="Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a></i>, by a vote of 7 to 2, confirming that the publication of the Left Wing Manifesto in <i>The Revolutionary Age</i> did, in fact, constitute a punishable act under the law. As the legal wrangling and backstage politics continued, Ben Gitlow prepared to return to jail.

</p><p>In November 1925, Gitlow was ordered back to Sing Sing Prison by the court to finish his sentence. This would not be "hard time," however. Gitlow was immediately transferred to a new section of the prison located on a hill, a much more comfortable facility than that in which he had previously been confined. Gitlow was assigned to a cleaning detail that occupied only about one hour of his time. The cells had fresh air, a comfortable mattress, hot water in the basin, and clean, smoothly painted steel walls. Gitlow later recalled that "had a bath been included, it would have been equivalent to a good small room in a modern hotel."<sup id="cite_ref-Confess_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confess-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gitlow anticipated a short stay in the facility as the <a href="American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> assured him that it had obtained a verbal commitment from Governor Al Smith that Gitlow would be pardoned expeditiously.

</p><p>On December 11, 1925, Gitlow's first wedding anniversary, he was visited by his wife, who showed him a letter from an ACLU attorney stating that he would be free to leave Sing Sing on parole if he agreed to the conditions of his release. Gitlow considered this an unfortunate turn of events, as he sought freedom to continue his political activities without the constraint of parole supervision and the threat of a rapid return to jail. Gitlow's wife received word by telephone at that time that his decision on whether to accept a parole was moot, however, as the Governor had decided to grant him a full pardon. Freed from jail the next day, Gitlow arrived by train to a packed Grand Central Station, where he received a rousing hero's welcome from the assembled party members and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Confess_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confess-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="1926_New_York_state_election" title="1926 New York state election">1926</a>, Gitlow ran on the ticket of the <a href="Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers Party of America</a> for <a href="Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>.

</p><p>In 1928, Gitlow was once again named the candidate of the Workers Party of America for Vice President of the United States, running for a second time on a ticket headed by <a href="William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a>.

</p>

<p>Gitlow reached the summit of his political life as a Communist Party leader shortly after the conclusion of the 1928 campaign, when on March 16, 1929, Gitlow was named to the three-man Secretariat at the helm of the Communist Party, assuming the post of Executive Secretary. His time at the top proved to be momentary, however, as on March 23 he boarded an ocean liner for Moscow as part of a 10-person delegation seeking to appeal the <a href="Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>'s (Comintern) decision to expel <a href="Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> from the Communist Party. The job of Executive Secretary was turned over to factional ally <a href="Robert_Minor" title="Robert Minor">Robert Minor</a> in the interim.<sup id="cite_ref-Confess_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confess-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_oppositionist">Radical oppositionist</h3></div>

<p>In 1929, communist parties around the world were purged of so-called "Right Oppositions" by the Comintern as the world communist movement lurched towards the revolutionary left. Together with his factional co-thinker <a href="Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a>, Ben Gitlow was expelled from the party as purported supporters of <a href="Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> in the USSR in opposition to the hardline faction of <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. The expelled communists followed Lovestone into a new organization, the so-called <a href="Communist_Party_(Majority_Group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Majority Group)">Communist Party (Majority Group)</a>, which actually included a small fraction of the membership of the regular Communist Party.

</p><p>Gitlow was named a member of the governing National Council of the CP (MG) in October 1929. At the 1st National Conference of the organization, held July 4–6, 1930 in New York City, Gitlow was elected Secretary of the Lovestone political organization, a role in which he continued at least through 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fall of 1930, Gitlow was sent on a month-long tour of the United States on behalf of the Lovestoneites, taking him to <a href="Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="Superior%2C_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, Wisconsin</a>, before returning to the east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Throughout the first 5 years of its existence the Lovestone organization continued to seek accommodation with the regular Communist Party. Gitlow's own views had gradually changed, however. In May 1933 he and Lazar Becker split from the Lovestoneites to found the <a href="Workers_Communist_League_(Gitlowites)" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Communist League (Gitlowites)">Workers Communist League</a>, which in turn merged with a group around B.J. Field to form the <a href="Organization_Committee_for_a_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization Committee for a Revolutionary Workers Party">Organization Committee for a Revolutionary Workers Party</a> the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Communist_years">Anti-Communist years</h3></div>

<p>After briefly rejoining the Socialist Party in 1934, Gitlow became disillusioned with radicalism of all shades and emerged as an outspoken <a href="Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>. In 1939, he publicly rejected the Communist Party in testimony before the <a href="House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a>, chaired by <a href="Martin_Dies%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Dies, Jr.">Martin Dies, Jr.</a> of <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1940, Gitlow published his first work of political <a href="Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, <i>I Confess: The Truth About American Communism</i>. The book was controversial and widely noticed, pushing Gitlow into the public eye as a leading opponent of American communism. The book remains an important primary document for the study of American communism in the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Confess_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confess-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1948, Gitlow followed his 1940 memoir with a steamier retelling of old tales called <i>The Whole of Their Lives: Communism in America</i>. Non-specialists should use the historical accounts in this later book, written as a <a href="Potboiler" title="Potboiler">potboiler</a> for the popular market, with great caution as some of its details are at variance with the same stories told by the same author nearly a decade earlier. Also in 1948, he joined the <a href="American_Jewish_League_Against_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Jewish League Against Communism">American Jewish League Against Communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krause_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krause-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On May 1, 1950, in <a href="Mosinee%2C_Wisconsin" title="Mosinee, Wisconsin">Mosinee, Wisconsin</a>, a local <a href="American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> outpost staged a mock communist takeover to illustrate what life under Soviet conquest might be like. Gitlow played the role of General Secretary of the "United Soviet States of America", while ex-communist <a href="Joseph_Zack_Kornfeder" title="Joseph Zack Kornfeder">Joseph Zack Kornfeder</a> played the new commissar of the newly renamed town of "Moskva". A Soviet flag flew in front of the American Legion outpost.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ben Gitlow's final pamphlets, written in the early 1960s, were published by <a href="Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> preacher <a href="Billy_James_Hargis" title="Billy James Hargis">Billy James Hargis</a>'s Christian Crusade Ministries, an organization committed to stopping the spread of Communism in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2></div>

<p>In 1924, Gitlow married Badana Zeitlin.

</p><p>Benjamin Gitlow died in <a href="Crompond%2C_New_York" title="Crompond, New York">Crompond, New York</a>, on July 19, 1965.

</p><p>Gitlow's papers are housed at the <a href="Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution Archives</a>, located at <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in <a href="Palo_Alto%2C_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, and at the <a href="University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte" title="University of North Carolina at Charlotte">University of North Carolina at Charlotte</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_by_Benjamin_Gitlow">Publications by Benjamin Gitlow</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://debs.indstate.edu/g536r4_1900.pdf"><i>The "Red Ruby": Address to the Jury; Also, Darrow; The Judge; Giovanitti</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100721081433/http://debs.indstate.edu/g536r4_1900.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-07-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> n.c. [New York]: <a href="Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party of America</a>, n.d. [1920].</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AcceptanceSpeeches"><i>Acceptance speeches</i></a>. With William Z. Foster. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A5254"><i>Some Plain Words on Communist Unity</i></a>. New York: Workers Age Publishing Association, n.d. [1932]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SomePlainWordsOnCommunistUnity">alternate link</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AmericaForThePeopleWhyWeNeedAFarmerLaborParty"><i>America for the People!: Why We Need a Farmer Labor Party</i></a>. New York: Labor Party Association, 1933.</li>

<li><i>Why the Boycott of Nazi Germany?</i> London: <a href="Non-Sectarian_Anti-Nazi_League" title="Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League">British Section of the World Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi Council to Champion Human Rights</a>, n.d. [middle 1930s].</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BenjaminGitlow"><i>I Confess: The Truth About American Communism</i></a>. New York:<a href="E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a>, 1940.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001136904"><i>The Whole of Their Lives: Communism in America: A Personal History and Intimate Portrayal of Its Leaders</i></a>. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HowToThinkAboutCommunism"><i>How to Think about Communism</i></a>. Whitestone, N.Y., Graphics Group, 1949. — <i>Illustrated reprint of selections from "The Whole of Their Lives"</i>.</li>

<li><i>Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev and the Downgrading of Stalin.</i> Tulsa, OK: Christian Crusade, n.d. [c. 1962].</li>

<li><i>Communism — A World-Wide Failure?</i> Tulsa, OK: Christian Crusade, n.d. [c. 1962].</li>

<li><i>The Negro Question: Communist Civil War Policy</i>. Tulsa, OK: Christian Crusade, n.d. [c. 1962].</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_publications">Related publications</h3></div>

<ul><li><i>Women in politics</i> by Kate Gitlow. New York: United Council of Working Women, 1924.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IsTheStalinGeneralLineCorrect"><i>Is the Stalin general line correct?</i></a>. New York: Workers Communist League, 1933.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGitlow1940" class="citation book cs1">Gitlow, Benjamin (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ky5BDwAAQBAJ&q=%22clarence+miller%22+passaic+strike"><i>I Confess: The Truth About American Communism</i></a>. E. P. Dutton & Co. pp. 4 (background), 5–6 (family), 283 (Nov 1925), 284–287 (Dec 11 1925), 523 (1928–1929)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGitlow1940" class="citation book cs1">Gitlow, Benjamin (1940). <i>I Confess: The Truth About American Communism</i>. E. P. Dutton & Co. pp. 611 (total). <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/40027077">40027077</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DeLeon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeLeon_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLeon_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLeon_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLeon_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLeon_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSalon_DeLeon1925" class="citation book cs1">Salon DeLeon, ed. (1925). <i>The American Labor Who's Who</i>. Hanford Press. p. 86.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Deaths: Mrs. Kate Gitlow, 72," PM, Nov. 20, 1940</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Store Clerks Tell of their Troubles". <i>New York Times</i>: 4. June 12, 1914. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/97619064">97619064</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Seven Socialists in New Assembly: All from New York City Districts". <i>New York Times</i>: 2. November 7, 1917. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/99871894">99871894</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Ten Socialists In the Assembly: May be Eleven, for There is a Tie in the Nineteenth District of Kings". <i>New York Times</i>: 3. November 9, 1917. <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/99840833">99840833</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The complete 10 issue run of <i>The New York Communist</i> was reissued in book form as well as microfilm by Greenwood Reprint Corp., Westport, CT, in 1970. Historian James Weinstein wrote the introduction for this reprint, a contribution which was included in Greenwood's two-volume <i>The American Radical Press, 1880-1960</i>, Joseph R. Conklin, ed., v. 1, pp. 145-154.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <i>The New York Communist</i>, Westport, CT: Greenwood Reprint Corp., 1970. Issue of June 14, 1919, page 2.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The complete run of <i>The Revolutionary Age</i> was also reissued in elephant folio book form as well as microfilm by Greenwood Reprint Corp. in 1968 as part of their "Radical Periodicals in the United States" series. The introduction for the reprint edition were written by Martin Glaberman and George P. Rawick.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Revolutionary Age</i>, v. 2, no. 1 (July 5, 1919), pg. 2. The publication continued until August 23, 1919, at which time it was replaced by the new national organs of the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Gitlow, <i>The "Red Ruby": Address to the Jury</i>. New York: Communist Labor Party, [1920], pg. 4.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Details on Gitlow's inner party activity may be found in the files of the Communist Party USA held by the Comintern Archives in Moscow. This material from the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI) is part of <i>fond</i> 515, <i>opis</i> 1, and was microfilmed in 326 reels in the mid-1990s. Film is available for sale from the Dutch company IDC.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Benjamin Gitlow, <i>Some Plain Words on Communist Unity</i>. New York: Workers Age Publishing Co., n.d. [c. May 1932]; pp. 5-6, in which Gitlow reprints a letter dated April 20, 1932, listing him as "Secretary" of a three man Secretariat that included Jay Lovestone and <a href="Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Will Herberg</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Report of the Gitlow Tour," <i>The Revolutionary Age</i>, vol. 1, no. 21 (November 22, 1930), pg. 14.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Shachtman, "Footnote for Historians," <i>The New International</i>, v. 4, no. 12 (Dec. 1938), pp. 377-379.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1939/10/18/archives/clash-over-reds-marks-dies-inquiry-marcantonio-denies-ild-link-with.html">Associated Press. "CLASH OVER REDS MARKS DIES INQUIRY; Marcantonio Denies I.L.D. Link With Communists, but Gitlow Contradicts Him; LATTER CITES INCOME; Organization Is Main Support of <i>The Daily Worker</i>, Witness Says at Hearing" <i>New York Times</i> October 18, 1939</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Krause-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krause_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrause2010" class="citation journal cs1">Krause, Allen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41725935">"Rabbi Benjamin Schultz and the American Jewish League Against Communism: From McCarthy to Mississippi"</a>. <i>Southern Jewish History</i>. Southern Jewish Historical Society: 167 (quote), 208 (fn25 on founding)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=jvrRlaHg2sAC&dat=19500501&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"Mosinee in Hands of 'Reds' After a Make Believe Coup", <i>Milwaukee Journal</i>, May 1, 1950</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mayor, Pastor Die at Mosinee", <i>Milwaukee Journal</i>, May 8, 1950, p3; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazine.oah.org/issues/244/weinberg.html">"D-Day in Mosinee"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016175811/http://magazine.oah.org/issues/244/weinberg.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-16 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Carl Weinberg, <i>OAH Magazine of History</i> (October 2010)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some of Rev. Hargis's books include <i>Communist America — Must It Be?</i> (1960), <i>The Facts About Communism and Our Churches</i> (1962), <i>Communism: The Total Lie</i> (1963), <i>The Real Extremists — The Far Left</i> (1964), and <i>Our Enemy in Vietnam is Russia!</i> (1969).</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gitlow%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Benjamin%20Gitlow%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gitlow%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Benjamin%20Gitlow%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gitlow%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Benjamin%20Gitlow%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gitlow%2C%20Benjamin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Benjamin%20Gitlow%22%29%20OR%20%28%221891-1965%22%20AND%20Gitlow%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Benjamin Gitlow</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027054548/https://findingaids.uncc.edu/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow Papers:</a>, J. Murrey Atkins Library, University of North Carolina-Charlotte.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1938/12/footnote.htm">"Footnote for Historians"</a> by <a href="Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a> in <i>New International</i>, Vol.4, No.12 (Dec. 1938), pp. 377–379.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_USA209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#b3333d;color:white"><div id="Communist_Party_USA209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Communist Party USA</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (<a href="1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>; <a href="1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>; <a href="1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> (<a href="1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>; <a href="1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a> (<a href="1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</span></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a> (<a href="1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>; <a href="1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>; <a href="1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mike Zagarell</a> (<a href="1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a> (<a href="1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>; <a href="1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a> (<a href="1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>; <a href="1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="C._E._Ruthenberg" title="C. E. Ruthenberg">C. E. Ruthenberg</a> (1919–1920; 1922–1927)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alfred_Wagenknecht" title="Alfred Wagenknecht">Alfred Wagenknecht</a> (1919–1921)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_Dirba" title="Charles Dirba">Charles Dirba</a> (1920–1921)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Louis_Shapiro_(communist)" title="Louis Shapiro (communist)">Louis Shapiro</a> (late 1920)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="L._E._Katterfeld" title="L. E. Katterfeld">L. E. Katterfeld</a> (1921)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Weinstone" title="William Weinstone">William Weinstone</a> (1921–1922)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Jay Lovestone</a> (1922; 1927–1929)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">James P. Cannon</a> (1921–1922)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Caleb_Harrison" title="Caleb Harrison">Caleb Harrison</a> (1921–1922)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Abram_Jakira" title="Abram Jakira">Abram Jakira</a> (1922–1923)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (1929–1934)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a> (1934–1945)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Eugene Dennis</a> (1945–1959)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a> (1945–1957)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Bachtell" title="John Bachtell">John Bachtell</a> (2014–2019)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Rossana Cambron & <a href="Joe_Sims_(politician)" title="Joe Sims (politician)">Joe Sims</a> (2019–present)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Prominent members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bernard_Ades" title="Bernard Ades">Bernard Ades</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Albertson" title="William Albertson">William Albertson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Herbert_Aptheker" title="Herbert Aptheker">Herbert Aptheker</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Max_Bedacht" title="Max Bedacht">Max Bedacht</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Bernard_(American_politician)" title="John Bernard (American politician)">John Bernard</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Walter_Bernstein" title="Walter Bernstein">Walter Bernstein</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Marc_Blitzstein" title="Marc Blitzstein">Marc Blitzstein</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Anne_Burlak" title="Anne Burlak">Anne Burlak</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Peter_Cacchione" title="Peter Cacchione">Peter Cacchione</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Benjamin_J._Davis_Jr." title="Benjamin J. Davis Jr.">Benjamin J. Davis Jr.</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Shirley_Graham_Du_Bois" title="Shirley Graham Du Bois">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bella_Dodd" title="Bella Dodd">Bella Dodd</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Albert_Goldman_(politician)" title="Albert Goldman (politician)">Albert Goldman</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dorothy_Ray_Healey" title="Dorothy Ray Healey">Dorothy Ray Healey</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Manning_Johnson" title="Manning Johnson">Manning Johnson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Oakley_C._Johnson" title="Oakley C. Johnson">Oakley C. Johnson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Claudia Jones</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Antoinette_Konikow" title="Antoinette Konikow">Antoinette Konikow</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Claude_Lightfoot" title="Claude Lightfoot">Claude Lightfoot</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Steve_Nelson_(activist)" title="Steve Nelson (activist)">Steve Nelson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Karl_Emil_Nygard" title="Karl Emil Nygard">Karl Emil Nygard</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_L._Patterson" title="William L. Patterson">William L. Patterson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_E._Taylor_(politician)" title="Charles E. Taylor (politician)">Charles E. Taylor</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Emma_Tenayuca" title="Emma Tenayuca">Emma Tenayuca</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Albertson_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Aptheker_v._Secretary_of_State" title="Aptheker v. Secretary of State">Aptheker v. Secretary of State</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="De_Jonge_v._Oregon" title="De Jonge v. Oregon">De Jonge v. Oregon</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Noto_v._United_States" title="Noto v. United States">Noto v. United States</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Scales_v._United_States" title="Scales v. United States">Scales v. United States</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Communist_Party_of_Maryland" title="Communist Party of Maryland">Maryland</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Communist_Party_of_Texas" title="Communist Party of Texas">Texas</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alabama_Chapter_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Alabama Chapter of the Communist Party USA">Alabama</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Communist_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Communist Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b3333d;color:white;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Committee_for_Spanish_Freedom" title="American Committee for Spanish Freedom">American Committee for Spanish Freedom</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Browderism" title="Browderism">Browderism</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Communist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Communist Labor Party of America">Communist Labor Party</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="English-language_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="English-language press of the Communist Party USA">English-language press</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Language_federation" title="Language federation">Language federation</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Left_Wing_Section_of_the_Socialist_Party" title="Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party">Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_Communist_Party_USA_members_who_have_held_office_in_the_United_States" title="List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States">List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_conventions_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="National conventions of the Communist Party USA">National conventions</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="New_York_Workers_School" title="New York Workers School">New York Workers School</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Non-English_press_of_the_Communist_Party_USA" title="Non-English press of the Communist Party USA">Non-English press</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="People's_World" title="People's World">People's World</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Red_diaper_baby" title="Red diaper baby">Red diaper baby</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="San_Francisco_Workers'_School" title="San Francisco Workers' School">San Francisco Workers' School</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Soviet_Negro_Republic" title="Soviet Negro Republic">Soviet Negro Republic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="The_Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Party USA and African Americans">Relations with African Americans</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ware_Group" title="Ware Group">Ware Group</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Yokinen_Show_Trial" title="Yokinen Show Trial">Yokinen Show Trial</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Young_Communist_League_USA" title="Young Communist League USA">Young Communist League USA</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Young_Pioneers_of_America" title="Young Pioneers of America">Young Pioneers of America</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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